arxivcs.AIcs.CL2026-07-09
The complexities of patient-centred conversational artificial intelligence
João Matos, Olivia Buege, Donny Cheung, Gary S. Collins, Paula Dhiman, Nan Li, et al.
Consumer-facing health chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for symptom assessment. However, chatbot development and evaluation often rely on cooperative, articulate, simulated patients. We analysed 2,053 real patient-chatbot conversations and fo…