HERMES: A Multi-Granularity Labeling Substrate for Pre-training Data Mixtures

Ziyun Qiao, Yue Min, Ruining Chen, Yujun Li

Most data-mixing methods assume the corpus has already been partitioned into groups, and the choice of those groups determines what a mixer can express. Existing labels, including provenance, topic or format taxonomies, and flat embedding clusters, commit to one semantic axis at one granularity; changing the resolution rebuilds the labels. We argue the bottleneck is the label system, not the mixer, and provide a hierarchical one. HERMES is a data-derived labeling substrate: a Learned Semantic Transform followed by 3-stage residual vector quantization annotates each document once into a coarse-to-fine code whose prefix length controls granularity up to approximately 130k cells. At coarse granularity HERMES sits at a plateau with KMeans-family methods on standard clustering metrics, so the contribution is the substrate, not the clusterer. On 1B-parameter, 25B-token pre-training, the hierarchy exposes an interaction fixed-granularity pipelines cannot test: at one prefix length, a combined Stage-2 rule contrast, equal-subbucket coverage versus size-proportional within-bucket quality top-30%, lifts a 16-task capability macro-average by +0.0253; at the next finer level, the same rule loses its measurable edge as candidate pools contract approximately 5x. HERMES reframes data mixture design from choosing among fixed label sets to navigating a reusable, data-derived granularity hierarchy.