SAGA: Synthetic Agentic Graph Architecture for Temporal Benchmark Generation

Jiacheng Ding, Xiaofei Zhang

High quality temporal graph benchmarks with rich semantics and ground-truth anomaly labels are essential for training graph neural networks, yet remain scarce due to privacy constraints and annotation costs. We present SAGA (Synthetic Agentic Graph Architecture), a system for generating large-scale, semantically rich temporal graphs via a four-phase pipeline. Our Skeleton-First, Semantics-Second architecture decouples structure from semantics: (S) an O(1)-per-edge skeleton generator produces power-law graphs; (A) a dispatcher partitions causally ordered time blocks for parallel execution; (G) LLM agents inject domain semantics using RAG-based rule bases across four domains; and (A) a state alignment engine resolves conflicts via temporal replay, yielding anomaly labels as natural byproducts. Unlike structural generators (e.g., LDBC SNB, Kronecker/R-MAT) or purely LLM-based approaches, SAGA achieves structural realism, semantic richness, and automatic anomaly labeling in a unified framework. On a single H100 GPU with vLLM batching, SAGA generates 500,000 temporal edges with controlled anomalies in under 90 minutes, scaling to 100,000 nodes while maintaining clustering coefficients above 0.99. The system supports real-time pipeline visualization, interactive multi-domain tuning (Finance/AML, Network/IDS, Cyber/APT, Transportation), and a CLI for large-scale GPU-based experiments.