Forensic-Oriented Intrusion Detection Using Synthetic Network Traffic Data and Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Jose Luis Vela Alonso, Carmen Pellicer

Digital forensic investigations of network intrusions require analytical outputs that are traceable, reproducible, and court-defensible - requirements existing machine learning pipelines do not satisfy, since they treat original evidence as training data and produce opaque classifications without instance-level justification. This paper presents a forensic-oriented intrusion detection framework resolving both problems simultaneously, integrating synthetic data generation, binary classification, and explainability within a single pipeline governed by ISO/IEC 27037, 27041, 27042, and NIST SP 800-86. The framework operationalises the ISO/IEC 27037 requirement for strict separation between original digital evidence and derived analytical artefacts. Original datasets are treated as immutable, hash-verified artefacts; all training operates on parameterized synthetic derivatives via SDV + CTGAN. XGBoost binary classification provides high-performance detection on tabular network flow data, and SHAP TreeExplainer produces instance-level feature attributions mapping statistical predictions to observable network behaviour for forensic reporting. Train-on-Synthetic, Test-on-Real (TSTR) evaluation on CICIDS2017 achieves F1-macro = 0.96, within cross-validation variance of the real-data baseline (0.97). Kolmogorov-Smirnov testing confirms synthetic privacy preservation (mean |KS| = 0.38) alongside operational utility. Cross-dataset validation on UNSW-NB15 and Kitsune identifies feature space dimensionality as the primary determinant of synthetic training effectiveness, establishing a practical deployment boundary of approximately 30 numeric flow-level features. SHAP attributions for Brute Force, Port Scan, and DoS attacks are consistent across real and synthetic instances, confirming synthetic training preserves forensically relevant attack fingerprints required for expert witness testimony.