Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning to Support the Analysis of Microscopic Images of Cells and Tissues

Muhammad Ali, Viviana Benfante, Ghazal Basirinia, Pierpaolo Alongi, Alessandro Sperandeo, Alberto Quattrocchi, Antonino Giulio Giannone, Daniela Cabibi, Anthony Yezzi, Domenico Di Raimondo, Antonino Tuttolomondo, Albert Comelli

Artificial intelligence (AI) transforms image data analysis across many biomedical fields, such as cell biology, radiology, pathology, cancer biology, and immunology, with object detection, image feature extraction, classification, and segmentation applications. Advancements in deep learning (DL) research have been a critical factor in advancing computer techniques for biomedical image analysis and data mining. A significant improvement in the accuracy of cell detection and segmentation algorithms has been achieved as a result of the emergence of open-source software and innovative deep neural network architectures. Automated cell segmentation now enables the extraction of quantifiable cellular and spatial features from microscope images of cells and tissues, providing critical insights into cellular organization in various diseases. This review aims to examine the latest AI and DL techniques for cell analysis and data mining in microscopy images, aid the biologists who have less background knowledge in AI and machine learning (ML), and incorporate the ML models into microscopy focus images.