Machine and Deep Learning in Agricultural Engineering: A Comprehensive Survey and Meta-Analysis of Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

Samuel Akwasi Frimpong, Mu Han, Wenyi Zheng, Xiaowei Li, Ernest Akpaku, Ama Pokuah Obeng

Machine learning and deep learning techniques integrated with advanced sensing technologies have revolutionized agricultural engineering, addressing complex challenges in food production, quality assessment, and environmental monitoring. This survey presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent developments by examining the peer-reviewed literature from 2015 to 2024. The analysis reveals computational approaches ranging from traditional algorithms like support vector machines and random forests to deep learning architectures, including convolutional and recurrent neural networks. Deep learning models often demonstrate superior performance, showing 5–10% accuracy improvements over traditional methods and achieving 93–99% accuracy in image-based applications. Three primary application domains are identified: agricultural product quality assessment using hyperspectral imaging, crop and field management through precision optimization, and agricultural automation with machine vision systems. Dataset taxonomy shows spectral data predominating at 42.1%, followed by image data at 26.2%, indicating preference for non-destructive approaches. Current challenges include data limitations, model interpretability issues, and computational complexity. Future trends emphasize lightweight model development, ensemble learning, and expanding applications. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of current capabilities and future directions for machine learning in agricultural engineering, supporting the development of efficient and sustainable agricultural systems for global food security.