A Multi-Agent System for 5G Throughput Prediction in Multi-Operator Urban Environments

Muhammad Kabeer, Rosdiadee Nordin, Nadiva Nuriftitah, Sian Lun Lau

Throughput prediction is foundational for artificial intelligence-driven 6G resource orchestration. Conventional monolithic machine learning models struggle to generalize across diverse operators, mobility modes, and traffic types, leaving a critical stochasticity gap between signal conditions and achievable throughput. To overcome these constraints in heterogeneous urban environments, we propose a Tiered Multi-Agent System (TMAS) that dynamically routes edge telemetry to context-aware Domain Micro-Agents, validated on a dataset of 48,618 samples collected in Sunway City, Malaysia, with Nemo Handy drive test software, spanning three Tier-1 mobile network operators, three mobility modes, namely (i) elevated pedestrian walkway, (ii) ground-level shuttle bus, and (iii) elevated bus rapid transit; and three traffic profiles, namely (i) persistent download, (ii) persistent upload, and (iii) adaptive video streaming. Our evaluations reveal that TMAS overcomes predictability bottlenecks, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of up to 0.931 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) as low as 0.53 Mbps. The system demonstrates high operational efficiency, with rapid micro-agent training times, low inference latencies, and agentic routing overhead of 0.004 to 0.126 ms. These latency characteristics indicate the architecture is a promising candidate for the response times required by next-generation wireless networks.