A Real-Time Human–Machine–Logistics Collaborative Scheduling Method Considering Workers’ Learning and Forgetting Effects

Wenchao Yang, Sen Li, Guofu Luo, Hao Li, Xiaoyu Wen

In the era of Industry 5.0, human-centric manufacturing necessitates deep integration between workers and intelligent workshop scheduling systems. However, the inherent variability in worker efficiency due to learning and forgetting effects poses challenges to human–machine–logistics collaboration, thereby complicating multi-resource scheduling in smart workshops. To address these challenges, this study proposes a real-time task-driven human–machine–logistics collaborative framework designed to enhance multi-resource coordination in smart workshops. First, the framework incorporates a learning-forgetting model to dynamically assess worker efficiency, enabling real-time adjustments to human–machine–logistics resource states. Second, a task-driven self-organizing approach is introduced, allowing human, machine, and logistics resources to form adaptive groups based on task requirements. Third, a task slack-based matching method is developed to facilitate real-time, adaptive allocation of tasks to resource groups. Finally, the proposed method is validated through an engineering case study, demonstrating its effectiveness across different order scales. Experimental results indicate that, on average, completion time is reduced by no less than 10%, energy consumption decreases by at least 8%, and delay time is reduced by over 70%. These findings confirm the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed method in highly dynamic, multi-resource production environments.