Existing optical flow methods broadly follow two paradigms: iterative optimization and diffusion-based estimation. Iterative methods, exemplified by RAFT, achieve high accuracy through recurrent refinement, but remain challenged by large displacements and complex motion. Diffusio…
High-accuracy spatiotemporal monitoring of surface nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations is essential for air quality management. This study evaluates machine learning-based estimates of near-surface NO2 concentrations using data from the geostationary GEMS instrument and the pol…