crossrefApplied Sciences2026-01-21
Designing Safer Pedestrian Interactions with Autonomous Vehicles: A Virtual Reality Study of External Human-Machine Interfaces in Road-Crossing Scenarios
Raul Almeida, Frederico Pereira, Dário Machado, Emanuel Sousa, Susana Faria, Elisabete Freitas
As autonomous vehicles (AVs) become part of urban environments, pedestrian safety and interactions with these vehicles are critical to creating sustainable, walkable cities. Intuitive pedestrian-vehicle communication is essential not only for reducing crash risk but also for supp…