openalexBioengineering2026-07-23
Optimizing Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Based on Frequency-Dependent Tissue Modeling and Signal Analysis
Wenzhu Wu, Junquan Tang, Q Wang, Jun Yang
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) is limited by cutaneous discomfort caused by unavoidable activation of superficial sensory nerves during current delivery to deep targets. While psychophysical studies have empirically identified waveforms that reduce skin sensation, ex…