crossrefScientific Reports2026-07-07
A machine learning–based optimal charging strategy for PV-assisted electric vehicle systems incorporating second-life batteries under degradation constraints
Ahmed Ezzat, Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Ragi A. Hamdy, Mostafa S. Hamad
Abstract The rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) and residential photovoltaic (PV) systems has created new challenges in battery charging management, particularly due to the variability of renewable energy, grid limitations, and battery aging effects. In this work, we pres…