arxivcs.LGcs.AI2026-07-17
The Information Shadow: Measuring Structural Limits on What Language Models Can Learn
Priyansh Srivastava, Romit Chatterjee
Some limits on what language models know are not gaps in data coverage but structural properties of learning from text. We introduce the information shadow: the region of phenomena that a text-trained learner cannot acquire regardless of scale, comprising (I) structures language…