Variable-speed pumped storage hydropower (VS-PSH) offers long-duration energy storage alongside ancillary services in competitive electricity markets. However, its operation and scheduling are challenged by head-dependent nonlinearities, discrete mode transitions, and energy-cont…
Variable-speed pumped storage hydropower (VS-PSH) must honor short-block dispatch commitments while limiting the operational degradation that intensified regulation duty inflicts on its components. When a single controller pursues both aims at once, every tracking gain is paid fo…
Networked battery systems arise in industrial automation, distributed energy applications, and multi-agent systems, where terminals consume energy locally and recharge only when connected to a source. Resource constraints often limit the number of simultaneous connections, requir…