arxivcs.CRcs.AIcs.GTcs.LO2026-06-30
A Lifecycle and Application-Stack Survey of Large Language Model Vulnerabilities: Attacks, Risks, Defenses, and Open Problems
Seyed Bagher Hashemi Natanzi, Bo Tang
Large language models are no longer only text generators. They are increasingly embedded in retrieval pipelines, enterprise assistants, coding environments, robotic systems, security-operation workflows, and autonomous agents that can read private data, call tools, write files, e…