arxivmath.STcs.ITcs.LGstat.ML2026-06-30
Sample Complexities of Estimating Gumbel--Max Watermark Proportions with and without Reduction to Pivotal Statistics
Watermarking promises statistical traceability of large language model (LLM) uses, but real documents rarely arrive as purely human-written or purely LLM-generated. This motivates a quantitative question beyond detection: what proportion of a document is generated from a pre-spec…