Latent diffusion models (LDMs) enable efficient high-resolution image synthesis by denoising in a VAE-compressed latent space. However, fixed visual tokenizers can discard fine textures and structural details, while separate representation and diffusion training creates a mismatc…
ABSTRACT Forecasting construction sand and gravel prices is critical for infrastructure cost control, yet reliable comparisons among model families in the small‐sample, multidriver setting typical of regional markets are lacking. This study benchmarks eight algorithms—Ridge regre…
This paper studies a p-layers deep learning artificial neural network (DLANN) for European multi-asset options. Firstly, a p-layers DLANN is constructed with undetermined weights and bias. Secondly, according to the terminal values of the partial differential equation (PDE) and t…