Low-Power PLL-Based Clock Stabilization for Flexible IGZO AMS Systems

Paula Carolina Lozano Duarte, Georgios Zervakis, Mehdi Tahoori

Flexible electronics (FE) platforms rely on analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuits - biosensors, readout front-ends, and analog-to-digital converters - that dominate both functionality and energy consumption, making on-chip clock generation an essential yet power-critical function. Existing oscillator-based solutions suffer from unbounded process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) drift that degrades signal integrity, while alternative clock sources can consume up to 90% of the total system power budget, rendering them inapplicable to FE platforms and elevating clock generation to a primary power and energy-efficiency design constraint. This paper presents the first phase-locked loop (PLL) architecture designed for n-type-only amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) technology, addressing FE-specific constraints such as the absence of p-type devices, limited carrier mobility, and strong PVT variability. Rather than targeting high-precision frequency synthesis, the proposed design operates as a low-bandwidth temporal stabilizer: a free-running ring-oscillator-based voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is softly regulated by a minimal charge-pump feedback loop to bound long-term frequency drift without requiring a continuous high-quality external reference. The proposed PLL supports frequencies from 1 kHz to 300 kHz while occupying 0.0115-0.0233 mm2 and consuming 0.115-0.153 mW. Compared with prior oscillator-based FE clocking solutions, our architecture reduces power by more than 400x while achieving footprint reductions exceeding 1500x compared to flexible VCOs, and more than 390x with respect to ring-oscillator solutions. Validated across four representative published IGZO AMS systems, the proposed PLL achieves an rms period jitter of 2.24 ns and a long-term frequency accuracy within 1000 ppm, providing reference-anchored clock stability in FE platforms.