Posterior-Confidence Driven Beamforming for Energy-Efficient Integrated Sensing and Communication

Nusaibah A. Alshorman, Huseyin Arslan

Energy efficiency will pose an essential limitation for sixth-generation (6G) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, given the high sensing power consumption associated with persistent sensing, despite stable communication requirements. This paper proposes an energy-efficient multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dual-functional radar-communication (DFRC) beamforming framework that minimizes transmit power while guaranteeing per-user signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and reliable multi-target tracking. The key innovation is a tracking-aware, skip-enabled sensing policy that departs from the conventional always-on probing paradigm. Instead of enforcing sensing at every epoch, sensing is selectively triggered according to two complementary statistics derived from an extended Kalman filter (EKF): a posterior confidence metric and the normalized innovation squared (NIS). While the former ensures accurate estimation, the latter guarantees reliable measurements, and thus sensing can only be activated when additional information is required. To ensure robustness under intermittent sensing, sector-based beampattern constraints are combined with a nonzero safety illumination floor imposed to guarantee reliable target tracking when skipping occurs. Numerical results show that the proposed framework achieves a significant reduction in transmit power compared to other baselines, without any deterioration in the communication system's performance or excessive impact on the sensing process.