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openalexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)2026-07-24Cited by 0

Human in the Loop: Alignment and Control in safety-critical and life-or-death decision-making by autonomous machines

Harris Georgiou

ABSTRACT: As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes “smarter”, it brings forward more fundamental rather than technical problems to solve, entailing legal, ethical or even philosophical questions. In this chapter, the core issue of AI “alignment” is investigated under the scope of clarifying the boundaries between human and machine responsibilities, especially in the decision-making process within safety-critical applications. The current legislative status is briefly presented, primarily for the EU and USA, regarding “safe” and “trustworthy” AI. Next, the subject of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) is explored, especially the lethal ones (LAWS) that target humans via completely internal decision-making loops. Furthermore, the moral aspects of fully autonomous AI systems are discussed through the classic “trolley problem”, demonstrating the difficulties of even formulating such tasks for designing AI. Finally, ten core principles of “aligned” AI are summarized and a few suggestions are discussed regarding how these principles may be incorporated in practice towards this direction. KEYWORDS: 1. Artificial Intelligence 2. Machine Learning 3. autonomous weapons 4. AI alignment 5. moral machines 6. trolley problem

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openalexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

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openalexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)2026-07-24

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openalexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)2026-07-24

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openalexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)2026-07-26

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openalexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)2026-07-26

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