arxivcs.LGstat.ML2026-07-05
A Unified Framework for In-Context Learning with Causal and Masked Language Models
Chenrui Liu, Chuanlong Xie, Falong Tan, Yicheng Zeng, Lixing Zhu
In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a central capability of pretrained language models, yet its theoretical analysis has focused primarily on causal language models trained by left-to-right autoregressive prediction, such as GPT-style models. Masked language models instead r…