Foundation models are increasingly used as image feature extractors for mammography, but their robustness under external domain shift remains unclear. We benchmark 15 foundation-model backbones across breast density, BI-RADS severity, and cancer status using a unified frozen-back…
Causally linking disease-related factors to image-derived biomarkers provides a powerful pathway to understanding disease mechanisms. Despite growing interest in applying causal artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for this task, these methods still need to be adapted for comp…