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Howell Tong

2 papers indexed

arxivcs.LGstat.ME2026-07-03

Statistically Meaningful Geometry (SMG) Beyond the Euclidean Paradigm, with Application to Generative AI

Bing Cheng, Yi-Shuai Niu, Howell Tong, Shing-Tung Yau

Conventional uniform convergence bounds and empirical risk minimization break down in massive over-parameterized models, such as large language transformers and biological sequence networks. With near-infinite unconstrained internal degrees of freedom, their optimization landscap…

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arxivcs.LG2026-07-03

Statistically Meaningful Geometry and Gauge Symmetry Breaking: A Geometric Foundation for Scientific Discovery and Intelligence Emergence

Bing Cheng, Yi-Shuai Niu, Howell Tong, Shing-Tung Yau

The rapid scaling of over-parameterized machine learning architectures, particularly LLMs, raises a profound crisis: do these systems exhibit genuine intelligence, or are they merely sophisticated statistical pattern matchers? Classical flat Euclidean statistics cannot differenti…

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