Patient-specific anatomical models provide individualized context for surgical planning, image-guided intervention, and algorithm development. However, most CT-derived models are static: they preserve the body configuration captured at scan time, but cannot represent how the same…
Vision foundation models such as SAM 3 can provide transferable object-level structure across diverse surgical video conditions, but segmentation outputs do not explicitly encode the action-conditioned semantics that define functional surgical landmarks. Estimating instrument ext…