Despite rapid progress, most existing vision-language models (VLMs) built from 2D visual inputs often struggle when handling various 3D tasks that require fine-grained spatial understanding and reasoning. To bridge this gap, we present VLM-IE3D, a unified framework that enhances…
Proprioception is fundamental to robotic manipulation, yet standard fusion methods often treat it as an isolated vector lacking explicit alignment with visual tokens. Without a direct correspondence between 3D kinematics and 2D feature maps, manipulation policies struggle to grou…
Real-world robot deployment rarely maintains the training-stage camera setup, where cameras often experience repositioning or remounting depending on actual scenarios. Existing view-robust Vision-Language-Action (VLA) policies tolerate such camera variations only when the camera…