Saad Waheed

Koopman Spectral Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Dynamics: State of Charge as a Marginally Stable Observable

Bakhtiar Nafis, Khalid Mahmud Labib, Saad Waheed, Shabbir Ahmed

Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation remains a fundamental challenge in lithium-ion battery management systems because battery dynamics are highly nonlinear, operating-condition dependent, and sensitive to parameter variations caused by aging and temperature. Conventional mo…Read more