Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as embodied planners in egocentric environments, where task success requires not only achieving instructed goals but also acting in socially appropriate ways. While explicit goals may render certain actions optima…
The presence of sea ice threatens low ice-class vessels’ navigation safety in the Arctic, and traditional Navigation Risk Assessment Models based on sea ice parameters have been widely used to guide safe passages for ships operating in ice regions. However, these models mainly re…