Plenoptic imaging of particle interactions in scintillation detectors

Xiang Dai, Chi-Jui Ho, Kevin Tandi, Chang Lee, Alex Bocchieri, David Parra, Forrest Peterson, Talha Sultan, Felicia Sutanto, Andreas Velten, Jingke Xu, Nicholas Antipa

Accurate 3D localization of radiation interactions in scintillation detectors is essential for nuclear and particle physics, safeguards, and medical imaging, but remains difficult in light-starved regimes with limited photon statistics. We present PRISM, a multifocal plenoptic imaging system designed for millimeter-scale 3D position reconstruction in a single-volume scintillator. PRISM uses a multifocal microlens array with diverse focal lengths and high effective numerical aperture to balance photon collection with spatial and depth encoding. A Cram'er--Rao lower bound analysis shows that the multifocal design improves axial sensitivity over conventional unifocal plenoptic systems under photon-limited conditions. We build a prototype system, calibrate its optical response with a tunable light source, and form photon-limited measurements with $\mathcal{O}(100)$ detected photons. For sparse single-vertex events, we reconstruct interaction locations using an Alternating Descent Conditional Gradient-inspired algorithm and demonstrate an average 3D localization error of approximately 1 mm. We also provide an initial evaluation of double-vertex events, showing that localization improves as the axial separation between interactions increases. These results demonstrate that multifocal plenoptic imaging can mitigate the traditional trade-off between light collection and spatial resolution, providing a photon-efficient approach to 3D reconstruction in scintillation detectors and a foundation for future multi-scattering event reconstruction.