Influence of Controller Tuning on Cascaded Flexibility Provision with Feedback Optimization

Irina Zettl, Florian Klein-Helmkamp, Florian Schmidtke, Lukas Ortmann, Andreas Ulbig

The coordination of a large number of flexibility-providing units across various grid layers requires innovative control concepts. This is needed, e.g., to allow active distribution systems to provide ancillary services for the transmission system. A cascaded control structure based on Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) can be used to meet flexibility requests at the point of common coupling by tracking an active power set point at the point of common coupling. This paper investigates the practical influence of the parameterization of the individual controllers on the performance of the hierarchical flexibility provision in three case studies. One case study includes a two-level controller cascade acting on one medium and two low voltage grids, and the other one includes a three-level cascade acting on low to high voltage levels. The results show that the behavior of one controller is highly dependent on the choice of control parameters of the other controllers in the cascade. Additionally, the choice of parametrization has a significant impact on the accuracy and speed of flexibility provision. A third case study investigates the effects of model mismatch and measurement noise on the appropriate selection of parameters. Overall, careful tuning enables the efficient vertical coordination of flexibility-providing units with a cascaded structure based on OFO.