Abstract The Lotka–Volterra system is the simplest model of the ecological interactions of n species. The sign pattern of its parameter space $$\mathbb {R}^n\times \mathbb {R}^{n\times n}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow>…
Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigation (OVON) requires agents to operate under partial observability, making effective internal state updates critical for navigation performance. This update is implemented by the policy network, where recent approaches adopt Transformer-based bac…