Proof of Concept for a Deep-Learning Computer-Vision System to Quantify External Load in Basketball: Comparison with Local Positioning Systems

Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Ioannis Kansizoglou, Antonios Gasteratos, Georgios Pistikos, Ioannis Papavasilopoulos, Panagiotis Kaddas, Dimitrios Pantazis, Panagiotis Aggelakis, Dimitrios Balampanos, Alexandros Dendrinos, Stavros Moutsis, Sarantis Antoniou, Panagiotis Foteinakis, Konstantinos Margonis, Nikolaos Zaras, Alexandra Avloniti, Christos Kazantzis, Athanasios Kaltsos, Georgios Pavlidis, Christos Kokkotis

Background: Monitoring external load in team sports is essential for performance optimization, injury prevention, and individualized training prescription. Although Local Positioning Systems (LPS) are widely used for indoor athlete tracking, they require wearable devices and specialized infrastructure. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and computer vision allow markerless athlete tracking; however, their validity for basketball remains insufficiently explored. Objective: To evaluate the validity of a deep-learning multi-camera computer-vision system for quantifying external-load variables in basketball compared with a commercial LPS. Methods: The framework integrated fisheye video acquisition, player detection, and pose estimation using YOLOv11x-Pose and player re-identification through ResNet-50 and FAISS similarity search. Positional data were transformed into real-world court coordinates to derive distance, acceleration, deceleration, player load, and average speed metrics. Outputs were compared with measurements obtained from Kinexon LPS. Results: Strong correlations were observed for total distance (r = 0.92), acceleration counts (r = 0.90), deceleration counts (r = 0.92), and player load (r = 0.81), while average speed showed a moderate-to-strong correlation (r = 0.66). ICC and Bland–Altman analyses indicated agreement between systems. Conclusions: The proposed computer-vision system demonstrated high agreement with LPS, supporting its use as a valid, non-invasive, and scalable solution for external load monitoring in basketball.