Shadow Pricing of Static Voltage Stability Services within Unit Commitment for Inverter-Dominated Power Systems
Modern power systems are increasingly dominated by Inverter-Based Resources (IBR), most of which work in Grid-following (GFL) mode. This implies that they do not directly control their terminal voltage, so the static voltage stability at these buses may be compromised, especially under constant-power-factor operation that lacks voltage-adaptive reactive support. In addition, weather-driven IBR are often installed in electrically remote areas with low Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR), further exacerbating voltage issues. To address this challenge, grid-forming control can be utilized to enhance low-SCR buses, while GFL-IBR could be explicitly required to provide voltage support through grid codes. As an alternative, a market mechanism could be devised that incentivizes relevant generators to proactively adjust their operating points as a service to maintain voltage stability, while the theoretical framework for such a market has not been developed. To fill this gap, this work adopts a second-order cone-based static voltage stability constraint for GFL-IBR buses within a unit commitment problem, and proposes a mechanism to assign shadow prices to this ancillary service. To determine appropriate price values under non-convex conditions, different pricing schemes are assessed. Using a modified IEEE 30-bus system, we demonstrate that both the dispatchable and restricted pricing methods can yield revenue-adequate service prices, though the former may deliver less efficient price signals and the latter may require well-defined uplift payments. This implies that, given differentiated pricing mechanisms and price signals, operators need to select a suitable pricing method in accordance with actual system conditions and market rules.